Theoretical Perspectives On Globalization

Theoretical Perspectives On GlobalizationThe last century has seen a return in the intensity of internationalisation. It is pressd to be one of the main pounds that obligate shaped politics, economies and societies. The purpose of this denomination is to evaluate one of the main theory-based prospects on globalization. It will begin by defining the concept globalization. Following this, the assigning will outline two key perspectives n globalization phenomenon the hyperglobalists perspective and sceptics perspective. Thereafter, the assignment will examine one policy concern and how it link to the sceptics perspective on globalization. The assignment will then conclude.Definition of globalisationThe concept of globalisation has been postulated to have no hard-hitting definition, is challenging to screw and has often been used ambiguously. The barrier has a theoretical construct that is itself oppose and open for various meanings and inflections (Kellner, 199725). Th e meaning of globalisation is dependent on the scope in which it is used. It has been argued to be a prominent topic among geographers and sociologists as healthful as economists and political scientists, and is studied within every paradigm, from neo-classical economics to post-modern tender theory to realist international relations theory to Marxism (Radice, 2000 6, cited in Sudgen and Wilson, 200515). Globalisation includes distinct phrases such as global socialization, free trade, internationalization and interdependence. According to Mursheed (20011) the term is employed in the enumerative sense to define a reaction to increase integration, and the policies that follow from there.On the other hand, Held and McGrew (1999) portrays globalization by the use of quatern main changes, primarily, it encompasses the eradication of borders as a result of economic, social, and political behaviour. The succeeding symptomatic contains the growth of links between civilization, tra de flows and investment. The third characteristic is the intensification of the combination of consumer preference, ideas, goods, in pretendation, capital and tidy sum. The last characteristic comprises of the prospective global come to that local anesthetic anaesthetic developments have on other economies, perhaps resulting in global consequences. Held and McGrew further argue that these are the characteristics that illustrate globalization as remarkably fluid.Theoretical perspectives on globalisationThe concept of globalisation has provoked often disagreement and discussions about its benefits and conceptualization. There are two schools of thought that argue two extreme accounts of globalization and its impact. These are referred to as the hyper-globalists and the sceptics. Both views offer a distinct perspective on this topic. Hyperglobalists generally recognize the globalization phenomenon as an element with verifying economic, social and political outcomes. Globalisation is considered a process which involves interconnectedness and shapes global integration. According to Ohmae (1995), globalisation represents a bare-assed phenomenon whereby international law has predetermined the conclusion of the nation-state. Optimists promote the idea that globalisation established a single global trade capable of managing itself. In contrast, sceptics argue that a discussion on globalization condemns the characteristics of globalization back up by the hyperglobalists (Hirst and Thomspon, 1999). Sceptics reject the nonion of a hot globalization and argue that globalisation is not unique and has been a longstanding phenomenon. However, sceptics do not oppose globalisation altogether but oppose it in its ongoing form (Deadroff, 2003). Stiglitz (2002) and Kellner (1997) argue that globalization creates dissatisfaction, and is viewed as a new form of capitalism or imperialism which inherently negatively affects tradition, horticulture and slight real countr ies.The sceptics perspective on globalisationHaving highlighted both extreme perspectives on globalisation, the assignment will now focus on one main theoretical perspective chosen for this particular assignment which is the sceptics perspective. The sceptics argue that globalisation is a necessary myth to conceal developed countries and institutions goal of expanding neo free-handed policies globally (Held et al, 1999). They assume that globalisation is a tool used by those in power such as America and Europe to persist what happens in the world. However, Sceptics do not presuppose a desire to pass off globalisationbutagree that many aspects of it is awful (Deardroff, 2003643). For example, sceptics argue that although globalisation benefits developed economies it indirectly disadvantages little developed countries. In 1999 the United Nations found that there were less than 20 less developed countries that had positive gains as a result of globalisation (Shangquan, 2000). The r esearch illustrated that the difference of income per capita reported between the richest countries and the myopicest countries had increased from 30 times in 1960 and to 70 times in 2000. Consequently, the difference signifies the magnitude to which globalisation benefits developing countries, however, it is evident that developing countries do not benefit as much as their developed counterparts. Therefore, globalisation is argued to unfairly redistribute income, thereby increasing the wage discrepancies between the skilled and unskilled labor force (Jenkins, 2006). This inevitably creates societal and hierarchical disparities which inherently has an impact on local culture.Culture and globalizationSceptics argue that globalization threatens local tradition and culture (Kellner, 1997). Globalisation is argued to have diffused consumer belief systems through imposing a new sense of identity, displacing traditional cultures and ways of life. According to Hannerz (1991) consumer pr eferences of products, for example food, movies and music, enables consumers to pinch the culture and tradition of the take inrs country as it is circulated through distribution. To illustrate, Americanization, which refers to American culture has flooded non-western sandwich markets with products priced at resoundingly cheap rates which have been argued to have threatened the availability of local produce resulting in the displacement of local farmers. Fundamentally, host countries purchase American goods which essentially encourage local people into embracing the culture consequently resulting in the reshaping of their own culture. There is a fear among developing nations of losing their tradition and identity as a nation, for example, countries such as China. China has evidently blocked global heathen influences from accessing their markets through the limitation of access to the internet, media and publications.Conversely, globalisation has been argued to have evidently cause d an increase in migration rates and import rates in the UK all over the years. Whilst the movement of produce has been enjoyed by the UK, the movement of people has not. Migration has brought forth people with different cultural backgrounds to the UK, which however, has been feared to have had an adverse impact on the English culture and offbeat system. Movement has been gained through employment in transnational companies by the better few whilst the poor have been restricted to illegal means. Nevertheless, in harm of culture, UK has seen an increase in diversity and a high level of the import of different cultures disseminated through the re-distribution of produce sought from foreign countries which are less developed countries.Critical evaluationHyperglobalists disregard cultural differences and perceive culture as a variant such as consumer preferences as a result it does not have an impact on the global economy. The new globalization era governs economic, social, politica l and cultural orders through government and institutional policies (Deardroff, 2003). This has been evidenced through institutions such as The International Monetary Fund, founding Trade Organisation, the World Bank and transnational companies. Held et al (1999), note that these institutions urge on and cultivate the globalisation phenomenon. For example, the World Trade Organisation, which is one of the primary hyperglobalists institutions has influenced habitual integration and has an international reputation for its endeavours in shaping the universal market and trade. These institutions are often referred to as the key actors of globalization, argued to have superseded government business office (Klein and Naomi, 2000). However, within these institutions sceptics argue that decisions made are mostly controlled by the rich countries, e.g. America (Deardroff, 2003).ConclusionTo conclude, globalisation is a phenomenon that has been heavily debated from different perspectives o ver the last century. Having examined the concept and perspectives on globalization this assignment has highlighted the sceptics perspectives on globalisation and its impact on culture. The assignment argues that globalisation is influenced by American culture, potential and regulations. Culture is important and has been vehemently influenced by globalisation, through the diffusion of western produce, technology, and publication in non-western local markets and homes. The impact socially can be argued to have had both negative and positive results. It is evident that globalisation has had positive impacts on economies and politics, through attempts to improve the health of people in poor countries and attempts to reduce pollution, however, culturally the impact has not been a desired one. intelligence service Count-1403