Immigration Control And National Homeland Security

Since the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001, immigration control and national homeland security have been issues of concern for both the national government and private citizens. In the wake of the attacks, a lot of articles were written about what the appropriate response should be to prevent another attack. In 2004, Mark Krikorian wrote an article for the Providence Journal entitled â€Å"Safety through Immigration Control† in which he contends that the only means to keep America safe from a follow-up attack is to strengthen and enforce immigration law to prevent terrorists from being able to enter the country. Edwidge Danticat, writing for The Nation in 2005, provides a juxtaposition to Krikorian’s stance in her essay â€Å"Not Your Homeland†, in which she describes her witnessing of the inhumane conditions many immigrants are forced to endure in the name of increased security to protect the country. She questions whether the added protections are wort h the human cost we are paying by treating immigrants and refugees as guilty until proven innocent. At the crossroads of these two perspectives lies the question: what is the proper balance between national security and the humane treatment of immigrants? Krikorian and Danticat are both polar in their expressions, with no overlap in their conflicting perspectives. Krikorian focuses only on the security issue and at no point addresses the living conditions of detainees. Danticat, focuses only on the issue of detainedShow MoreRelatedIllegal Immigration Become A National Security Issue Since Illegal Immigrants926 Words   |  4 PagesSeptember 11, 2001 the border has become less open and more secured from what it used to be prior to the terrorist attacks (CBP, 2009, p. 5). 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The main objective of this paper is to analyze the objectives of the TSA and determine whether they are in alignment with the objectives of the department of homeland security. This ensures that the directorate works towards achieving the overall goal of the DHS as stipulated

The Harmful Effects of Rape Essay - 1076 Words

The concept behind the word, action and idea of rape is a scary thought. Rape is defined as a type of sexual assault, usually involving sexual intercourse, which is initiated by one or more persons against another person without that person’s consent (Kelland, 2011). Rape is a demoralizing crime that can leave the victim with lasting negative psychological affects. This paper will discuss the different types of rape, the cause and effects with rape and the harm rape can cause to its victims. When most people hear the word â€Å"rape†, they automatically think of the attacker being a stranger forcing themselves upon another and doing unwanted sexual things to the victim. However, the most common form of rape is called acquaintance rape or date†¦show more content†¦While acquaintance/date rape may account for 60% of the rapes reported the other 40% consist of Stranger rape, marital rape, and gang rape. Stranger rape is what everyone generally assumes when they hear the word rape; this is when the victim is forced into unwanted sexual intercourse by someone they do not know. Marital rape is defined as any unwanted intercourse or penetration obtained by force, threat of force, or when the spouse is unable to consent. Finally, gang rape is when a group of people participate in raping a single victim (Franklin, 2010). I do not believe any of the before mentioned should be treated differently. The concept and act of rape, no matter the form, is terrible and the seriousness of the act needs to be considered no matter what type of rape is determined. There are a variety of things that can cause causes rape to happen and none of the causes truly validate the effect. One of the reasons rape may occur is from the victim giving of mixed signals. For example, a man may interpret a woman’s friendly behavior as an invitation to have sex. Another misinterpretation the individual performing the rape may believe when a â€Å"flirtatious† woman says no she really means â€Å"maybe†. Of course men are not the only ones who commit rape. At a young age men are taught to be aggressive individuals and to play the dominate role within a relationship. Men need to realize this attitude can lead looking at women as sex objects, and a possiblyShow MoreRelatedPornography Does NOT Cause Violence Against Women1633 Words   |  7 Pagesargued that pornography is harmful. Porn is an underground market that is more or less legal but is it harmful? An article written by Diana E.H. Russell in â€Å"Dangerous Relationships: Pornograph y, Misogyny, and Rape† argues that it is. Diana E.H. Russell is a sociology professor. She has researched the issue and argues that pornography is profoundly harmful. Professor Russell believes that it inclines men to want to rape women and that it encourages them to act out rape fantasies. However, MichaelRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Prostitution1481 Words   |  6 Pagesimmoral act. Society in this country is slowly becoming more accepting of sex thus we find more and more people becoming open to the idea of decriminalizing prostitution. Nevertheless, the main concerns brought up in debates are human trafficking, rape and sexual crime prevention, health concerns, and labor rights. Through careful analysis of both arguments against and arguments in favor of prostitution, I will develop my own arguments and conclusion on the matter. Possibly the most popular concernRead MorePersuasive Essay On Underage Drinking1515 Words   |  7 Pagesmakes it to where the drinker has less control of his or her body. For example a male who becomes drunk is more likely to rape young women. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services â€Å"It is estimated that 90% of college rapes involve the use of alcohol by the assailant, the victim, or both. About 97,000 college students are victims of sexual assault or date rape related to alcohol use each year. Alcohol use is involved in 95% of all violent crime on college campuses† (â€Å"Underage DrinkingRead MoreEssay on Pornography1735 Words   |  7 Pagesexplicit depiction of persons, in words or images, Sexual arousal on the part of the consumer of such materials. No one can prove those films with graphic sex or violence has a harmful effect on viewers. But there seems to be little doubt that films do have some effect on society and that all of us live wi th such effects. The question of how society will function when all checks that a few thousand years of civilization have imposed have disappeared has yet to be answered. 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I could spend a lot of time and effort talking about why it’s harmful to those who create it (those who are exploited in the creating of it), and I could also talk about the thirdRead MoreRape And Se xual Assault And Rape1465 Words   |  6 PagesRape and sexual assault have been a growing epidemic not only in The United States, but all around the world as well. There are many stories based on these issues that also deal with something called date rape drugs. Rape, sexual assault, and date rape drugs are all very closely related and can all occur in the same situation. Date rape drugs can be used to lead to a sexual assault against someone and then possibly rape. These topics are all very serious because â€Å"There is an average of 207,754Read MoreRape and Sexual Violence Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesRape and Sexual Violence Rape and sexual violence is a very serious problem that affects millions of people each year. Rape is someone taking advantage of another person sexually. 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Another reason is that the fetus is being robbed of having a future. A more obvious answer is better. What primarily makes killing wrong is neither its effect on the murderer nor its effect on the victims friends and relatives, but its effect on the victim. The loss of ones life is one of the greatest losses one can suffer. The loss of ones life deprives one of all the experiences, activities, projects, and enjoyments that would otherwise have

Sms Based Information Student Information System free essay sample

Teaching Information Systems Development with SMS Chris Wallace Information Systems School Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences University of the West of England Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY chris. [emailprotected] ac. uk Abstract ‘Texting’ or SMS mobile phone messaging is rapidly increasing in business and community use. This paper discusses the inclusion of SMS technology in the teaching of Information Systems Development. It is argued that SMS has advantages in terms of simplicity of development, encouragement of good development practice and the breadth of information systems concerns exposed. Key words assignment help business Texting, SMS, mobile communication, information systems development. 1. Introduction The final year module Information Systems Development 3 (ISD3) is taken mainly by students on our Computing and Information Systems award. These students have had some exposure to Java in their first year and to Microsoft Access application development in their second year. In the final year we seek to broaden the range of application technologies by introducing 3-tier web-based applications. Typically these have a browser in the presentation layer, PL/SQL or PHP in the application layer and Oracle or MySQL in the persistence layer. One difficulty with this module is to get a balance between the concerns and approaches to Information Systems Development on one hand and the narrower concerns of program and database development on the other. The goal here is not to develop great programming or software engineering ability but to develop awareness of information systems in their organisational, human and societal context, addressing issues of the role of information itself, its meaning, quality and value, human-human as well as human-machine communication and the design of business process. Browser-fronted applications, as a technology to support information systems, are full of interest and possibilities but in the opinion of the author, they also present some pedagogic difficulties. These include the complexity of development, a limited range of communication possibilities and complex implementation for stateful interaction. This year we have turned to mobile phone applications in an experiment to increase the focus on information systems issues whilst continuing to engage the students’ attention. . Texting and its applications ‘Texting’ or SMS (Short Message Service) is pervasive and ubiquitous. Figures of the volume of text messages sent world wide and in the UK are staggering. A survey of students on this final year module show 100% mobile phone ownership of which 100% use their phones for texting. Among students, SMS is largely used for personal communication. More advanced technologies such as MMS and WAP are as yet little used and few can aff ord high end Smartphones. As an application technology, SMS is increasingly incorporated into organisational information systems for marketing and fund-raising, for communication among staff, clients and members of the wider organisation [Cheverest el (2003) ] as well as for on-demand information services. Within education, SMS is used for administrative support, for example to communicate alerts of closure to parents and exam results to students. SMS is also in use in direct support of learning through incorporation in e-learning systems [Soon and Sugden (2003), Attewell and Savill-Smith (2004)]. SMS in entertainment extends from voting on Pop Idol to public message displays in clubs. We believe that the rapidly increasing use of SMS in information systems on the one hand and the relative simplicity with which SMS systems can be developed on the other, provide the opportunity to incorporate this technology into the Information Systems curriculum with benefits to the teaching of Information Systems concerns and to the student’s employability. 3. Overview of SMS Technology SMS is a complex service within GSM. Peersman et al (2000)] Here we are only concerned with the end-user view of the service and the three varieties of SMS service: out-bound, 2-way and conversational. 3. 1 Out-bound An out-bound service allows an application to send text messages to one or more known mobile phones. Such messages are termed ‘mobile terminating’ (MT). With the assistance of an SMS service provider who provide the channel between the application and the mobile phone network, this service is simple to establish. Typically the application program issues an HTTP GET request, with the number, message and other details encoded in the URL. The service provider then hands this off into the GSM network for delivery. Delivery notification can be returned to the application via a call-back URL. In additional to simple text messages, monophonic ringtones and operator logos can also be sent. Setup is typically free and the cost per message of about 4p is significantly less than the networks change a mobile phone user to send a message. An out-bound service is good for ‘pushing’ information to subscribers – for example in schools for sending notification of an absent child to its parent or sending traffic information alerts to drivers. Within the CEMS faculty, students can enrol in a notification service which will text alerts about class cancellation. 3. 2 2-way SMS 2-way SMS allows a user with a mobile phone to send a text message which is received by an application, which can then reply with a message back to the originator. A 2-way SMS service requires a GSM number to which users can text a message. The message is routed through the service provider to the nominated user’s application script, again using HTTP. Such messages are termed ‘mobile originating’ (MO). The application will then perform some task such as a database look up and then may text back a response to the originator. A 2-way service is more costly since it requires the rental of a number and a small charge for each incoming MO message on top of charges for any outgoing MT messages. From Clickatell, who are our SMS bulk service provider, the current charges for a standard number (i. e. not a short code or premium rate number) are roughly ? 60 for setup, ? 15 per month rental and about 1p per incoming message. Bi-directional communication with 2-way SMS allows the development of more interesting applications. For example at UWE, we have developed a service which allows students and staff on the campus to find out the times of the next two departures on any bus service leaving the campus. In future, users will be able to request a reminder about a selected bus departure. We have also used our 2-way service to implement a poll on the proposed ban on smoking in pubs and clubs (supported by 2 to 1) and on the US presidential race in November. Sadly this poll did not predict the real outcome! 3. 3 Conversational Ideally a mobile user should be able to reply to a message sent from an application to maintain a conversational interaction. By default, MT messages sent via a service provider appear to originate from that provider. In our case, users will see a +27 number since Clickatell is based in South Africa. We have yet to set up a conversational service due to restrictions placed by U. K service providers. 4 CEMS SMS server For use as a teaching and project resource with the Information Systems school, it must be easy for applications written by students in coursework or in projects to use the common rented GSM number, to be able to generate a reply and for logging to be performed. A simple SMS server to handle these functions was written in PHP. Incoming messages received from the SMS service provider are distributed to registered applications, again using HTTP, on the basis of the initial word in the message. The reply from the application, if any, is returned through our proxy server and the SMS service provider to the originator. The SMS server also logs incoming and outgoing messages. The level 1 DFD below summarises the data flows involved. [pic] Applications themselves can be written in any server-side language. At present we use PHP for its ease of interfacing with a web-server and database support. A new application is first tested standalone from the address line in a browser, from a test form in a browser, or from a test script. Once tested, the new application can be linked into the SMS server and the new service becomes immediately available from any mobile phone. 5. Advantages of SMS for teaching 5. 1 Simple user interface The user interface is very simple – a string in, a string out. This means that a simple application, such fetching the current time, can be written with only a few lines of code. Little more is required to compute the time in a given country using a simple database. The students’ attention and potentially their creative skills can be focused on the human interface to the application and the specification of the functionality required. In contrast, browser applications tend to focus attention on the much more complex web interface. 5. 2 Simple application interface Similarly the application interface supported by our SMS server is described by three input parameters and a formatted output string. Such a simple interface allows the students to see the possibility for writing a functional specification, perhaps using a model-based specification approach, before writing the code. For software development, an advantage of this simplicity is that it eases the use of a unit testing framework to automate regression testing. On this module we use PHP scripts for testing. The ease with which URLs can be treated as simply a filename simplifies the coding of test scripts. By contrast a browser-based application is much more difficult to place in a test framework. . 3 Varied communication patterns Browser applications provide a pull mechanism in which users request information from an information source. SMS on the other hand provides both pull communication via an MO message sent by a mobile user and push communication with MT messages sent from an application on stimulus from an operator, indirectly by another user or from a clock or other trigger. SMS can be coupled with email, HTTP a nd web service applications to produce a wide variety of communication patterns. 5. 4 Simple stateful implementation Stateless applications are the basis of web applications. Each request from a browser is processed without reference to any preceding requests from the same user. This limits the conversation between user and application since the application can neither reference nor develop a model of the user. In contrast a stateful application is able to recognise successive messages as coming from the same user and access and develop its own user model, the state of the interaction, with which to mediate its responses to messages. There are various stateful mechanisms available to a web developer, differing by the location of the state, the lifespan of the state, the mechanism for user-to-state matching, the amount and structure of the state and its security and accessibility to other applications. Web mechanisms include hidden fields in forms, cookies, session variables and user models in a database. Each is widely used, but none are trivial to implement. Since every message in SMS is accompanied by the number of the originating phone, there is a simple key available for user-to-state matching. Of course matching is not precisely one-one: people have more than one phone, and phones are lent and sold, but the alignment is closer than that provided by cookies which match to a specific computer login. Thus a simple database keyed by phone number opens up simple stateful applications supporting long-running transactions and business processes. 5. 5 Challenging user context SMS applications are nonetheless challenging for a developer. A user of our bus information service waiting at a bus stop will not have access to a web-page defining the message structure, nor to pull-down menus of choices available. Thus the information system designer must consider the use of their application by a mobile user in a variety of use situations. This focuses attention on what and where information about the service is available, on designing a message structure which is intuitive and on designing the application to guess at the needs of the user even if the message is not an exact match to the required format. Of course it is not always safe to act on a guess, for example in a share-trading application or in a control application. This raises the issue of the design of an appropriate human-machine protocol to suite the context. These applications pose a variety of interesting software design problems. Interpretation of an incoming message which may be ill-structured and roughly keyed requiring parsing techniques using regular expressions, closest match algorithms or a syntax-driven parser. Since the SMS server logs all incoming and outgoing messages, a developer can view the history to observe actual application usage. This encourages an adaptive approach to design based on evidence from actual usage. In addition, the simple interface allows interfaces to be quickly simulated with naive users either on paper or by using a web-based mobile simulator. . 6 Real world implementation Applications such as the bus information system and the straw poll have now been ‘released into the wild’. We as developers will have to respond to the demands and unanticipated consequences of actual use. We plan to release selected work by students on this module at least for use on open days with prospective applican ts for our awards. We think it important that issues which arise from the use of new technologies are experienced in the raw and not merely treated as laboratory exercises. Functionally simple but pervasive SMS applications seem ideal for this purpose. 6 Concerns There are naturally some concerns over the use of mobile phones in teaching information system. These include issues of security, user acceptance and programming difficulty. 6. 2 Security If desired by an application, additional security can be provided by requiring an initial password together with a timeout. If there is concern about the privacy of the numbers themselves, mobile numbers can be encrypted. However it must be noted that typically the service provider and others in the chain between application and mobile will log messages and the SMS channel is easily monitored by the Government. Without encryption of SMS messages on the phone itself, messages will always be insecure. 6. 3 User acceptance Mobile phones are almost exclusively used for personal communication and their use as a component in an information system can seem intrusive. Choice of application here is important – although an application to get the current time is easy to write, no one will spend 12p to use it. To address this issue, we are developing a mobile network simulator which will allow information systems incorporating SMS to be exercised in the laboratory without the overhead or inconvenience of phone usage. The cost of the service can be used to advantage however: it focuses attention on the value of information. If the value to a given user does not exceed the cost to the user, it will not be used. Our SMS system does not in fact provide a very realistic context since we pay for out-bound messages and information is not charged at market rates.. 6. 3 Programming difficulty Writing an application to provide a simple response to a stimulus requires a minimum of knowledge of the chosen scripting language, but more complex applications stretch the students’ ability. Whilst sample scripts for more complex functionality, such as database access, email generation or use of a web service can be supplied by teachers, these can still be hard to adapt for a new application. Given that our goal is to focus on the information systems we are creating rather than on programming, we acknowledge that we still have work to do to enable those less interested or gifted in programming to gain fully from this approach. SMS in Information Systems teaching This is the first year in which this technology has been taught and thus any observations are tentative and based on experience in teaching on the ISD3 module. Preparatory tutorials on scripting languages (PHP) and an SQL database (MySQL) were followed by a mini-project using SMS. 7. 1 SMS project The ISD3 module is unusual in having no assessed coursework and thus all exercises set are formative and voluntary. Additional motivation is generated by small prizes for the best submissions. The first SMS application which students were required to develop was a currency converter. For example, a user would text: CONV EUR 100 USD and receive a message 100 [EUR] = 127. 89 [USD] An initial tutorial explored the design and development of this project, exploring scenarios in which the service might be used, the design of the 3 tier architecture, the allocation of responsibility between the tiers, the design of the database to support conversion, the choice of ISO standard currency codes and sources of exchange rates and their quality. In the next 55 minute workshop, students worked in small groups using a worksheet to create a simple database of currency codes and conversion rates (using Mark Dixon’s QSEE tool), generate the SQL DDL and install in MySQL, install a supplied starter PHP script, amend the script to access the student’s newly-installed database, and test via a supplied test form. The final worksheet required the students, working in their groups, to enhance the basic application. Areas of improvement, gathered during the initial design tutorial, included greater flexibility in the format of the input message, better response to an invalid input, means for a user to bootstrap their understanding of the service, stateful interface so that the user does not need to re-enter the two currencies each time, and to provide a mechanism for updating the conversion rates. Students who achieved any of these improvements then emailed the URL and a codeword for registration with the SMS server. They could then demonstrate their application to friends and family. . 2 Results By the end of the second session, the majority of students had a working copy of the basic system. A smaller proportion tackled the final worksheet and 5 groups (about 20% of the students) submitted applications. All had made useful enhancements even though their experience with PHP was minimal. One group had found a Web Service supplying conversion rates and created a script to update the database from this service. Students generally enjoyed the work and some positively beamed when their application worked. In retrospect, more time and support should have been given to the exercise considering the number of new tools which were involved. 7. 3 The Future Students have so far responded well to the up-to-date feel of this subject and the number of students who want to undertake individual projects in this area has greatly increased. Further work is planned on our SMS server to provide better access to an application’s traffic, a simulator for a mobile phone network within which SMS applications can be tested, and a kitset of parts for application assembly. We are also working with colleagues in the Electronics and Computer Systems School to develop some SMS monitoring and control applications. Of personal interest to the author are yacht-borne systems which can alert a skipper on shore of problems aboard such water or human ingress, anchor dragging or changed weather conditions. References Attewell, J and Saville-Smith C (eds) (2004) Learning with Mobile Devices: Research and Development, Learning and Skills Development Agency Cheverest, K et al (2003) , SPAM on the Menu: the Practical use of Remote Messaging in Community Care, ACM Conference on Universal Usability 2003, pp23-29 Clickall SMS Bulk SMS Gateway URL www. clicktell. com [ accessed 7 Jan 2004] Dixon, M. , QSEE Multicase tool URL : www. qsee-technologies. com [ accessed 7 Jan 2004] Peersman, G et al (2000) , A tutorial overview of the short message service within GSM, Computing and Control Engineering Journal April 2000, pp79-89 Soon,l. and Sugden,D. (2003) Engaging Students Through SMS Messaging, in FERL Annual Conference 2003 Wallace, C. , SMS Services in the Information Systems School. URL www. cems. uwe. ac. uk/~cjwallac/apps/sms [accessed 7 Jan 2004]

Research Proposal on Airlines Essay Example

Research Proposal on Airlines Essay An airline is an organization which offers passenger and cargo air transportation services and other services connected with industry, military and other purposes. There are many kinds of airlines which differ according to their transportation capability, size and quality of the service. There are airlines which only offer passenger transport into the definite parts of the world; the great airlines which are available all over the world and carry one to any place of the planet. Other companies focus of the cargo transportation delivering various goods from one part of the world to the other by plane. Such airlines cooperate with the great corporations and develop with their help, because it is cheaper and faster to transport goods by plane. Airlines can exist independently or create certain alliances cooperating with one another for the common profit. Evidently, the number of airlines is extremely high, because the business is quite profitable and there is a need of it. On the other hand it is quite difficult to develop for a small airline to attract clients and complete with the greater organizations. Every airline offers the very services which it can fulfill. The types of the services depend on the kinds of aircraft the company possesses. Every airline has its own park of planes and on the basis of the abilities and size of the planes it has offer cheap or expensive passenger or cargo transportation or private flights. Generally, the prices on flights are reducing constantly, in spite of the fact that the fuel is getting more and more expensive. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Airlines specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Airlines specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Airlines specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The explanation is simple: the competition on the market of airlines is so high, that only low prices can attract clients. If a student has brand new ideas concerning the development of the airlines and their perspectives, he can try to prepare a good airlines research proposal and develop his ideas further in the research paper. A good research proposal should not only possess informative and interesting relevant content but persuade the professor that student’s brand new ideas are worth his attention and the research paper will be valuable for the discipline. The paper is supposed to include the problem, the purpose and methods which are expected to solve the suggested problem. The process of research proposal writing often causes many troubles to students because very few of them are aware of the correct rules of writing. With the help of the Internet and a free example research proposal on airlines a student can prepare a good paper himself just having looked through the model of writing. A well-organized free sample research proposal on airlines can teach one format the text well and analyze the topic professionally. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Airlines topics. Your research paper proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated PhD and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details: Enjoy our professional research proposal writing service!